Of all the occupations that one might expect to find among the warlike, human-sacrificing cannibals known as the Aztecs, the least expected would be moral philosopher. And yet …
Read this fascinating article: https://aeon.co/essays/aztec-moral-philosophy-didnt-expect-anyone-to-be-a-saint
Best wishes to our American friends on the 242nd anniversary of their disastrous decision to leave the British Empire.
I would like to draw everyone’s attention to the royal reply to the Declaration of Independence and ask our southerly neighbours to soberly assess the consequences of the path not taken.
The British expressed regret at the misguided actions of the American Congress, but announced that the king was still willing to negotiate and to revise those points over which the colonists felt themselves aggrieved. They asked the rebels to “reflect seriously upon their present Condition and Expectations, and to judge for themselves whether it be more consistent with their Honour and Happiness to offer up their Lives as a Sacrifice to the unjust and precarious Cause in which they are engaged, or to return to their Allegiance, accept the Blessings of Peace, and be secured in a free enjoyment of their Liberty and Properties.”
The road not taken led straight to the continuation of slavery for another almost 90 years, genocidal war with native tribes, and a civil war whose effects are still being felt.
It is not too late to come back home, American cousins. The Empire, like the father of the Prodigal Son, awaits your penitent knock on the door.
Canada’s founding fathers (o, the patriarchy!) at the 1864 Charlottetown Conference. Remember: diversity is our strength.
Canada’s first national flag:
I learned years ago that in World War II the Japanese Empire had attempted to bomb the American west coast with balloons intended to cause forest fires. I even knew that these devices had actually killed some Americans.
What I did not know was that these bombs also hit Canada and landed as far inland as Manitoba.
Read all about it here, 74 years after the incendiary campaign:
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2018/05/the-japanese-balloon-bombs-of-world-war.html
1712
The Mohocks
Eighteenth-century London, poorly-policed and crime-ridden was the playground for various gangs of aristocratic vandals, one of the most notorious calling themselves “The Mohocks”. This account describes their comeuppance.
On the 6th of June 1712, Sir Mark Cole and three other gentlemen were tried at the Old Bailey courthouse in London for riot, assault, and beating the watch. A paper of the day asserts that these were ‘Mohocks, that they had attacked the watch in Devereux Street, slit two persons’ noses, cut a woman in the arm with a penknife so as to disable her for life, rolled a woman in a tub down Snow Hill, misused other women in a barbarous manner by setting them on their heads, and overset several coaches and chairs with short clubs, loaded with lead at both ends, expressly made for the purpose. In their defence, the prisoners denied that they were Mohocks, alleging that they were ‘Scourers,’ and had gone out, with a magistrate’s sanction, to scour the streets, arrest Mohocks and other offenders, and deliver them up to justice.
On the night in question they had attacked a notorious gambling-house, and taken thirteen men out of it. While engaged in this meritorious manner, they learned that the Mohocks were in Devereux Street, and on proceeding thither found three men desperately wounded, lying on the ground; they were then attacked by the watch, and felt bound to defend themselves. As an instance of the gross misconduct of the watch, it was further alleged that they, the watch, had on the same, night actually presumed to arrest a peer of the realm, Lord Hitchinbroke, and had latterly adopted the practice of going their rounds by night accompanied by savage dogs. The jury, however, in spite of this defence, returned a verdict of ‘ guilty;’ and the judge fined the culprits in the sum of three shillings and four-pence each.
1944
D-Day
By 1944 German forces were being pushed back on the Eastern Front and in Italy, but everyone knew that the Allies were preparing an invasion of continental Europe from bases in England. The Germans had constructed the massive Western Wall stretching from Norway to Spain, trusting to its minefields, beach obstacles, gun emplacements, and concrete bunkers to pin any invaders on the beach and deter any progress inland. The Allies relied on deception and air superiority to keep the enemy from knowing where their blow would be struck and from moving in reinforcements.
On the morning of June 6, over 20,000 Canadian, British, and American paratroopers were dropped over the Normandy peninsula to take control of bridges and roads behind the landing zones. A thousand warships then bombarded defenders along a fifty-mile stretch of the coast, and units of the French Resistance were activated on missions of sabotage. Almost 7,000 vessels from 8 Allied navies, from battleships to landing craft converged on 5 beaches, codenamed Utah and Omaha (the objectives of American forces) and Sword, Juno, and Gold (targets of Canadian and British armies).
Casualties were heavy, particularly in the American sector, and none of the initial objectives were reached on the first day but a successful toehold in France had been achieved and would provide the beachhead for the armies that would soon sweep the Germans out of France.
What do you do with the graves and memorials of your enemies? That is a question that has faced conquerors for thousands of years.
When Alexander the Great had captured Thebes in 338 BC, he murdered all the males, sold the women into slavery, and ordered the city razed to the ground — with the exception of one house. The home he ordered spared was that of the dead poet Pindar, a favourite of Alexander who liked the fact that Pindar had spoken well of Macedonians.
When a Roman emperor had been overthrown by his rivals, his works and statues were obliterated in what they called a damnatio memoriae. A similar fate has now overtaken Canadian politicians like John A Macdonald, Egerton Ryerson, or Lord Cornwallis, who in their time were not nice enough to aboriginals in the eyes of 21st-century critics.
In 1547, when the Catholic emperor Charles V had taken the town of Wittenberg where Martin Luther was buried, he was asked whether he wanted the arch-heretic’s grave dug up and his remains burnt or hung from a gallows. Much to his credit, Charles replied, “I make war on the living, not on the dead.” Luther’s resting place was left undisturbed.
A similar attitude seems to have been held by Adolf Hitler in 1940. Hitler had been a soldier in the German army during World War I and had suffered in the trenches, ending the war in a military hospital recovering from a poisonous gas attack he endured at the Ypres salient in Belgium. What would he do then when he returned to that site as a conqueror 22 years later and found an enormous Canadian war memorial (picture above)?
Unlike many other Allied graves from the Great War, the Canadian monument at Vimy Ridge was not vandalized by the Nazis. Apparently, Hitler appreciated the fact that our memorial was not glorifying war but mourning our dead. He ordered an SS guard mounted at the site and protected the monument from any damage.
1933
The Nazi dictatorship begins
After long years of campaigning against the democratic Weimar Republic in general and the German Communist Party (KPD) and Social Democratic Party (SPD) in particular, Hitler’s National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NSDAP or “Nazis) received the majority of seats in the March 1933 general election. The arson attack on the Reichstag (Parliament building) a few days before the vote had been attributed to Communist sympathizers and greatly aided Hitler’s victory.
Hitler used his electoral success to immediately put forward legislation that would effectively end democratic rule in Germany and transfer all power to the Chancellor and his cabinet. The “Reichstag Fire Decree” suspended civil liberties and provided cover for the outlawing of the KPD and the arrest of Communists. The Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich (“Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich”) or “Enabling Act” passed on this day removed all effective power from the legislature and allowed direct rule by Hitler. The only party to oppose it was the Social Democratic Party, many of whose members soon found themselves on the run, unemployed, or in jail. Within a few months all political parties but the Nazis had been outlawed and the Thousand Year Reich well established.
1789
Paris mob attacks the Bastille prison
The French Revolution had begun. The king Louis XVI had summoned the nation’s political classes to meet at Versailles in the form of the antique Estates-General (which had not met since 1610). There, the Third Estate, representing all Frenchmen not in either the clergy or the nobility, had declared itself the true national assembly and compelled the other two estates to join them. The possibility of true reform had Paris in a frenzy of excitement but the king’s dismissal of the Finance Minister Jacques Necker was seen as a conservative counter-coup. Rumours of the use of mercenary troops to crush the new Assembly were rife. Camille Desmoulins, a young radical lawyer, pistol in hand, declared to a crowd: “Citizens, there is no time to lose; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of a Saint Bartholomew for patriots! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champs de Mars to massacre us all; one resource is left; to take arms!'”
On July 13, various Parisian mobs broke into royal armouries and seized weapons; local militias now had muskets and cannons at their disposal. The next day the target was the Bastille, the medieval prison which dominated central Paris. The fortress had a grim reputation; it often housed those enemies of the crown who had been whisked away behind its walls never to be seen again. On July 14, however, its inmates only numbered seven: 4 forgers, two lunatics and the Comte de Lorges, an aristocrat accused of incest, but who may have been sent there by relatives as part of a property dispute. The expenses of the latter three were all paid by their families. The real target of the rebels may have been the gunpowder housed in the fortress.
The siege of the Bastille lasted all afternoon. The defending troops resisted the attackers, killing 98 of them for the loss of one of their own, but having no supplies to endure a long conflict, the governor, the Marquis de Launay, surrendered at 5:30 pm. He and five of his men were lynched by the mob and their heads paraded about on pikes by capering rebels. The seven released inmates were also paraded about for a time and made much of, until it was realized just what kind of men they were. The forgers were soon returned to prison, the madmen were found asylums, and the aristocrat alone was allowed to go free.
Quite why the French should treat this bizarre incident as the occasion for annual national rejoicing remains a mystery.
395 A bad day for the Roman Empire
The death of the Roman emperor Theodosius I (347-395) meant the permanent separation of the eastern and western halves of the realm and his succession by a pair of nitwit sons unable to deal with the barbarian incursions.
Theodosius was a general and politician who emerged as emperor out of the civil wars that followed the death of Valens who died in 378 battling the Visigoths. His reign was extremely consequential. On the positive side he summoned the First Council of Constantinople which established Trinitarian orthodoxy; he suppressed pagan sacrifices, gladiatorial games, child slavery, and the Olympic Games. His massacre of civilians in Thessalonika led to his excommunication by Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Theodosius was forced (above) to repent and beg forgiveness before being allowed the sacraments, an act which clergy over the centuries used as an example of the supremacy of the Church over the State.
His death in 395 led to the empire being split between incompetent sons, Honorius in the West and Arcadius in the East.