Christmas Every Day

1985 End of the Third Punic War

The Punic Wars were waged between Carthage (a Phoenician-founded city, thus the name “Punic) and the Roman Republic in the third and second centuries B.C. Both were aggressive, bloody, expanding empires and it appeared that only one of them would survive to dominate the Mediterranean world.

The First Punic War (246-241 BC) was fought over control of the rich island of Sicily. The Romans were victorious and Carthage then turned its eyes toward dominating the Iberian peninsula. The Second Punic War (218-201 BC) began with the invasion of Italy by a Carthaginian army from Spain led by Hannibal. Though he was never defeated on Italian soil, Hannibal never succeeded in either taking Rome or causing Rome’s alliances to fall apart. When Roman forces landed near Carthage, Hannibal was called home to defend the city. He suffered his only defeat at the Battle of Zama and the Carthaginian empire was reduced to a small area of North Africa.

The revival of Carthage over the next fifty years led some Roman politicians to call for the final extinction of their rival. “Cartago delenda est!” — Carthage must be destroyed — became the watchword. In 146 BC, Carthage was overrun by Roman troops after a lengthy siege, the city was burnt to the ground and its inhabitants were sold into slavery.

In 1985 the mayor of Rome and the honorary mayor of Carthage met to put an end to bad feelings, signing a symbolic friendship and collaboration pact in a ceremony at the ruins of ancient Carthage outside Tunis.

1981 Australia’s shame: the underarm bowling affair

Australians have a reputation as ruthless athletic competitors. Cricket is a sport which prides itself on gentlemanly behaviour. Sometimes these two impulses collide, as in the case of the infamous end to a one-day international match between Australia and New Zealand.

One ball remained to be bowled with Australia leading, but should the New Zealand batter, Brian McKechnie, hit it in the air out of the field of play, he would score six runs and New Zealand would win. In order to make that strike impossible, Australian captain Greg Chappell instructed the bowler, his brother Trevor, to roll the ball underhand along the ground. This was entirely legal but very much not “in the spirit of the game”.

As Trevor Chappell bowled, his other brother Ian, in the commentary box reporting on the game, cried out “No, Greg, no, you can’t do that!” Richie Benaud, a famed Australian cricketer and former captain, was commentating on television and instantly voiced his dismay. He called it  “disgraceful” and said it was “one of the worst things I have ever seen done on a cricket field.” The New Zealand Prime Minister was no less heated.  He said Chappell’s decision “an act of true cowardice” and he considered it appropriate that the Australian team were wearing yellow. Even the Australian Prime Minister said it was against the traditions of the sport.

Greg Chappell soon regretted his actions and blamed it on fatigue. Thirty-nine years later the incident is still remembered and considered a black day in Australian sporting history. And that’s why I love cricket.

1929 Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Union

Lev Davidovich Bronstein (1879-1940), better known to the world by the name he borrowed from one of his prison guards, “Leon Trotsky”, was a highly-influential thinker and activist during the Russian Revolution.

Trotsky became a Marxist and involved in radical politics in his late teens. He spent years in political prisons and was exiled to Siberia where he became convinced that revolution was necessary in the Russian Empire. He escaped from Siberia in 1902 and moved to London where he joined himself to the Russian Communist Party whose leadership had gone either underground or into exile. Trotsky sided with the Menshevik minority against V.I. Lenin’s Bolsheviks who wanted a small conspiratorial party to guide the workers into rebellion.

Trotsky returned home to play a large role in the unsuccessful 1905 Revolution and helped form the first “soviets” but he was arrested and sentenced again to Siberian imprisonment. Again, he escaped and again fled to England and then to Austria where he edited the Pravda newspaper.

When World War I broke out, Trotsky was forced into a series of moves, from France, to Spain, to the U.S., to a prison camp in Canada, and finally back to Russia in 1917 where he found that the Romanov dynasty had been overthrown and a provisional democratic government was in power. He joined with Lenin and the Bolsheviks in bringing down that democracy; in the Civil War which followed he achieved fame and party  prominence by forming the Red Army and achieving a victory that resulted in the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He was an architect of the Red Terror and its wartime atrocities.

Trotsky’s rapid rise made him enemies in high places. After the death of Lenin, he was constantly outmaneuvered in party politics by Joseph Stalin who was more concerned with building “Socialism in One Country” than Trotsky’s insistence that the Communist revolution had to be spread internationally. In 1929 Trotsky was expelled to Turkey. He would live out the rest of his life in exile, fulminating against Stalinism and forming a Trotskyist opposition movement. Stalin would systematically murder his family and supporters inside the USSR and send hit squads out to assassinate him. One finally succeeded: in 1940 Trotsky was murdered in his Mexican refuge.

1703

The 47 Ronin avenge their master

The era of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan which spanned 250 years from the early 1600s was a time of rigid social distinctions and iron-clad custom. Sometimes strong moral impulses clashed and produced epic stories such as that of the 47 Ronin which intrigues even today.

The story begins with a dispute between a rural daimyo (feudal lord) named Asano and a high-ranking official of the shogunate, Kira Kozuke-no-Suke Yoshinaka. Kira, angry because he had not been sufficiently bribed, offended Asano, provoking the daimyo into attacking his superior with a knife. This was a serious matter as it occurred on the grounds of the ruler’s palace: Asano was ordered to kill himself; his holdings were to be seized, his family disgraced, and his retainers were to be made “ronin” – outcasts, masterless men. Moreover, the government ruled that no revenge was to be taken against Kira for having started this catastrophe.

Dozens of Asano’s men, however, vowed to avenge their master as their samurai code demanded, but they knew that Kira would be watching for such a move. Therefore, they split up and appeared to accept their fate; they took regular employment, knowing that they would be regarded as spiritless and cowardly for doing so. Their leader Oishi, acted particularly boorishly, becoming a drunkard and consorting with prostitutes, reviled by those who knew him for being such a loser.

When almost two years had passed, and Kira’s guard was relaxed, the ronin reconvened with a plan to attack their enemy’s castle. They had gathered arms in secret and obtained plans of the fortifications; on the night of January 30, 1703 in the middle of a snow storm, the 47 samurai stormed the castle from the front and rear. The immediate neighbours had been alerted that what was taking place was legitimate vengeance so that they would not interfere. Once inside, the attackers went from room to room, searching for Kira and killing those who opposed them. Kira was located hiding in a woodshed. He refused to kill himself so Oishi cut off his head and the ronin left to turn themselves over to the authorities, after first laying Kira’s head on their master’s tomb.

Their actions placed the government in a moral quandary. On the one hand, they had broken the shogun’s command that no revenge should be taken; on the other hand they had honourably avenged their master as samurai should. Moreover, the ronins’ deed was widely approved of by those who had learned of it. The solution: instead of being executed, the ronin would be given the opportunity to ritually kill themselves. Their graves immediately became the site of pilgrimage and respect and their story has been celebrated in art, drama, literature and film ever since.

1936

First elections to the Baseball of Fame

These are the five members of the Hall’s first class:

Ty Cobb, centre field, Detroit Tigers, the “Georgia Peach”, notoriously aggressive player. Averaged .367, 4,191 hits, 117 HR (“dead ball” era), 1,938 RBI, 897 stolen bases.

Babe Ruth, right field, New York Yankees; the “Bambino”, the “Sultan of Swat”; began as an excellent pitcher for the Red Sox, twice won 23 games, a 94-46 record with 2.28 ERA. Legendary home run hitter, .342 average, 2,873 hits, 714 HR, 2,213 RBI.

Walter Johnson, pitcher, Washington Senators, the “Big Train”. 417-279, 2.17 ERA, 3,508 strike-outs, 110 shut-outs.

Christy Mathewson, pitcher, New York Giants; the “Christian Gentleman” who never pitched on Sunday. 373-188 record, 2.13 ERA, 2,502 strike-outs.

Honus Wagner, shortstop, Pittsburgh Pirates; the “Flying Dutchman”, the greatest fielder of his generation and a superb base runner and hitter. Batted .329, with 3, 430 hits, 101 home runs (in the “dead ball” era), 1,732 RBI, and 722 stolen bases.

1393

Bal des ardente; The Dance of the Burning Men

Charles VI of France (1368-1422) was nicknamed “The Well-Beloved” but he had other names as well, such as “Charles the Mad”. In 1392, while on a military expedition, Charles suddenly went berserk, striking out at his attendants, killing four of his knights and pages before he was overcome and sank into a coma. For years after he would claim he was St George or that he was made of glass, that people were trying to kill him; he refused to bathe or change his clothes for months. He was removed from power and, on his doctor’s advice, kept constantly amused.

On January 28, 1393 his wife, Isabelle of Bavaria, held a masque for the king’s entertainment. Charles and six of his nobles were clothed as Wild Men of the Forest with shaggy costumes made of highly inflammable material. Careful instruction was given that there be no torches about as the men whirled, roared and capered. Midway though this performance, the king’s brother Louis, Duke of Orleans, entered, drunk and holding a torch. He either maliciously threw the flaming brand at the dancers or carelessly used it to peer closely at the dancers, but in any event, the Wild Men caught fire. The king was seized by his aunt who smothered the flames with her voluminous gown, another threw himself into a vat of wine, but the five others perished hideously.

This tragedy did much to discredit the court, especially the Duke of Orleans who was forced into a humiliating public procession of confession.